7/21/2005

Chris & Cosey Interview (1994)

SUSPERIUMzine
Feb. 1994, San Francisco


"A GLIMPSE INSIDE CHRIS & COSEY"...


Q:
What is your present relationship like with the other members of TG?
A: We have a very good relationship with Sleazy, keep in touch, and we've worked together on "Core". Since Mute took over the TG catalogue, we've all three of us tried to keep things clear of TG misconceptions via the re-releases. We've overseen all the artworks and text that's submitted etc. There's been a lot of shit and lies printed about TG and what we all did or didn't do etc over the years and we all thought this time we can make sure it's all correct. All three of us over the years have become utterly sick of the 'unofficial' releases that keep surfacing, and we're not the type of people that waste energy on the negative actions of other people. All that does is feed negativity into your life and drag you down. So we made a conscious decision to work on the positive and negate the bad energy at the source, by terminating its existence within our own conscience. So the fourth member of TG has ceased to exist as the person we had any empathy with.

Though its been stated that TG existed as four equal members injecting creativity, you would guess by the interviews and material published that Genesis was the major figure/influence. Was he domineering or overbearing in the situation? If so, did this ever cause problems?
CHRIS: Yes. (to the last part of the question)
COSEY: It's clearer looking back on the situation now. It's not as cut and dry as people would have it. TG wasn't just music, but graphics, philosophy, and ideals. Gen had a lot of all those things, we all did. But had he been with any other group of people he would have totally dictated the state of play. We just wouldn't have it. We compromised sometimes by giving in and letting him sing, like on "Adrenalin". I can remember that very clearly because all three of us didn't want vocals on it at all. That was nearing the end of TG anyway, and the relationship Gen and I had too. It was difficult to get him into the bloody studio long enough to get anything on tape. Chris would do a lot of preparation for recording sessions by working out rhythms and noises at home. Sleazy would work on his samples too at home. Gen was very much a 'live' person, and someone who needed an arena. The rest of us got more subtle satisfaction from our various activities and fetishes. A lot of the actual composition of the 'music' was down to Sleazy and Chris, and getting the technical details right, etc. Creating a new sound generator or my stick guitar etc. Sleazy was the one who made the sleeve artworks a reality and supplied the knowledge behind printing techniques and the photographic skill for promo shots etc. TG wasn't Genesis' band. He became the front man if you like, and he was good at it sometimes. He embellished events somewhat, and took credit where it really wasn't due. He was a sad person really, who turned bitter. Endeth home truths (edited version.)

What/Who would you say has been influential on you and your work? Much of the material published on TG went on about the Beat Scene and Burroughs, etc but was this really an equal influence on all of you?
No it wasn't. That's why the TG work didn't deal solely with that influential source and it didn't just merely do homage to it either. It was because all four of us had our own ideas, sources of inspiration, and ideal, that TG created such a volatile concoction. We took energy and knowledge, and mixed it all together, reinterpreting it in our own style and for our own ends. That's what we encouraged others to do too. We then became the source of some information to people, and they utilized it for their projects. That's what life's about. We learn, we experience, we express ourselves, and then we grow in strength and knowledge.

I know Burroughs was a great inspiration to Gen. Gen's literary skills were born from the Beat scene, Kerouac, etc. Sleazy was into Burroughs, but for additional reasons too. Chris had read his work before he met us, and absorbed it much the same as he had other great works. I hadn't, and wasn't into it. I think that's where Chris and I are similar, we both never took anything like that and blatantly tried to be or relive it in our own lives. I was always too busy 'doing' to worry about getting the references right. I suppose Gen worried about those details more than I did. I tend to read up on things after an experience has brought it to my attention, rather than looking for something to make new experiences from. I like to have some empathy with the material I am dealing with. It's somewhat hypocritical to mouth off on subjects that you've only read about and know nothing about first hand. Techniques etc are different. Books of reference are there for that very reason, and there to be used. A lot of the material on TG was based on interviews with Gen, so his views were uppermost, but not necessarily the strongest held within TG itself. He was usually the most available because Chris, Sleazy, and myself were working. Chris doesn't like doing interviews much anyway.

What were the early days of the Chris & Cosey romance like?
Clandestine meetings, magickal kisses in the middle of the night. We stole odd evenings together when Gen went off with his 'girlfriend' for a night or two. The beginning of our 'romance' was towards the end of my relationship with Gen. It was extremely difficult for all of us, there was so much happening, I can't begin to give the whole picture. It would read like "The Story of O". All three of us had two or three relationships going on at the same time anyway, and then experimented on top of that, so it was a recipe for some kind of break-away. Gen and I had been together for nearly ten years, so I guess we had the most to lose, especially as I knew TG would end also. Then how can you acclaim honesty and freedom and live a lie. So I left Gen and got years of shit and denial. Such is a man scorned. So you see the words read all romantic 'the early days of romance', but in reality it was a struggle against great odds. I know we're the stronger for it.

Do subliminals still feature in your work? You've been quoted as saying your subliminals weren't harmful in any way. What about the past warnings on albums, just intrigue?
We've always thought there was confusion over the definition of subliminals in our music. Definitions became blurred as the techniques we used for placing sounds on tape or within the pieces of sound changed. It's all very technical really, but simple as well. Another contradiction for you. To most people the word subliminal means some kind of coercion into the doing, feeling, wanting of something you would not otherwise entertain. To us, within our work it means a way by which we can create the same sensations people get from emotions triggered by certain sounds. At first we used subliminals in their crudest form, and when recording we utilized the accepted techniques of the time. Anyway subliminals are usually thought to be an attempt to subvert via the spoken word, and instruction. Now it's mutated. We mix sound in a subliminal way (which is not necessarily 'a sublimnal' as per the definition.) We may have a sound effects loop along with something else which together create a certain atmosphere, which in turn directs the mood of the listener where we want it for that particular piece of music. It's a gamble that the listener will pick up the subliminal anyway, so it is in effect a hidden added bonus to the track, but one we feel drawn to continue using. It has become a part of our standard studio technique now.

Way back when we did our bulk of sound experiments, we felt it was interesting to let people know that science was involved here with this album. It was no 'normal' dance music or punk etc. We wanted people to enquire and learn as well as consume. We got feedback, and both parties benefited from the exchange, that's what its all about. We're not in the music 'business' so much as communication and sharing of information and opinions etc. We've never subscribed to spoon-feeding 'an audience', what's the point? TV does that very well, as do mainstream 'bands'. That kind of stuff is for moments of escapism at best, at worst a way of life for some people. We really want to touch the people who for some reason they don't understand, can't accept that lifestyle comfortably. The people who think 'they' are strange for not accepting their lot in life as being a work, feed, sit and only take what is on offer, don't ask questions or seek new horizons kind of person. It's got to that point again, but in a way it's far worse because people now take instruction from corporations and not the family unit. I think even the family as strong (and sometimes just as destructive) as it is, is losing against the hype of the media now. People are failing to communicate on a truly one to one level. Escapism is easier and much less painful to them. I think it has always been like that to some degree, but it is compounded now by the technological advances that have really gone into overdrive in the last 15 years. So, yeah I think when we actually state there are subliminals within our music, we are giving out an underlying message, another subliminal by disclosing that fact. As for our subliminals being harmful, they are not. We don't preach any doctrine or instruct people to buy products, like this, hate that. What's the point? That would be destructive when we are attempting to encourage free thought and expression in a positive, productive way.

How far into the mainstream would you be willing to let your music take you? Do you feel it's headed that way at all?
Whenever we get asked that question, and we get asked it a lot, it's always like a kind of accusation. Like we've done something wrong by appealing to more mainstream listeners. We're not as calculated as that when we sit down in the studio and write our music. We never 'decide' to do a track that will be more acceptable so we can direct it into a more commercial market. We're happy to do re-mixes, as we did with Erasure, but even with that our hands were tied (in more than two directions actually) as to what we could do that would be approved. Free reign on the project with guaranteed release would have been great. But control is what its all about there. We had a great time remixing, it's like going to the fairground trying everything out and it doesn't matter because at the end of the day it's your treat. So as far as mainstream is concerned, we're happy if what we do coincides with what people like, but we couldn't work to a tested pattern of what's happening now and infiltrate. I'd feel really creepy doing that. Quite happy to be the hidden force behind projects though, that appeals to us a lot. All those "Man From Uncle" spy programs from our youth. Tongue-in-cheek kind of attitude prevails, and knowing something no one else even suspects is kind of appealing too. I like a twist in the tale, it makes for a more interesting, fun life. I think what happened with us, is that the sound we came up with from "Exotika" onwards happened to coincide a little with what was more acceptable in the mainstream/fringe. I still can't work it out, being objective and analyzing the 'whys' and 'what ifs' regarding our work seems to me a waste of time. A bit like what would you do if you won a million dollars? Mind you we do go through that once every year, driving along deciding what we'd buy first etc. Pie in the sky.


What music do YOU listen to?
It is such a variety. From 'chart' stuff to film soundtracks, and our contemporaries. We get hits from the 60's - "Kung Fu Fighting", "Yummy Yummy Yummy" etc. They're so kitsch. Nick loves them too. Then we got the "Akira" soundtrack and Sound FX CDs. Anything but Country & Western!!
I HATE IT. Slash your wrists music I call it.

Tell us about Nick. Does he have opinions on his parent's work yet? How aware is he of his parent's sometimes controversial past work?
It's a weird thing when you have to somehow explain to your child why you did the things you did. Especially my background, how do I describe my actions and reasons behind them to my son in a way that won't affect his attitude to women and his mother? I'm still working that one out as I go along. He knows a lot anyway just by the fact that nothing is hidden away. There's framed pictures of me in Penthouse etc in the house, and he accepts them for what they are. Now he's getting to his teens, he'll see them in a different light maybe, but I tell him everything he needs to know when he asks. He has to have a healthy attitude to life if his life is going to be enjoyable and fruitful, so I am very careful how I present things to him and how much detail he can assimilate at his age too. People's attitude to themselves and others are very important, and I want him to be tolerant but selective with his energy.

He's got to hit the mayhem of his teens and twenties yet, and no doubt I'll be worried sick for him, like all mothers. Until you are a parent you can't begin to understand the responsibility. Maybe it's me, but getting the balance right between love, freedom, discipline, and control, is a full time job. An emotional rollercoaster at times. As for the music, he likes more of it than I thought he would. He has rather good taste for his age and era. I hope it continues. He likes, selectively, some of the chart stuff (like Chris and I) but he also loves 30's music, film score, blues, jazz, and some classical. So that's pretty varied for a 12 year old. Now when he hears some chart stuff, he asks if something is a cover from when we were young! He seems to appreciate originality and genuine talent.

Do you travel much for fun? Favorite places?
You give me the money and we'll travel for fun. We never have the money or the time. Or if we have time we don't have money, and vice versa. In the summer when Nick has his long school holidays, we take him all over, exploring Britain. He's really into history, so it's fun for all of us. Then we go mad at some theme park on the way home, hit the beach and other such novelties. He came around the USA on tour with us a couple of times, and to Canada and Belgium too. We'd all travel more given the chance, but preferably as a pleasure trip, and not on business.

As for favorite places, we both actually love San Francisco, and talked of moving there a few times. Then we had a passion for Berlin before the wall came down. It's a tragic situation that gave it a very special aura. Although the wall coming down was a momentous time, it destroyed Berlin as people had come to love it. The people changed. As the people and how they are, make up the atmosphere in any given place, it's that which would be the deciding factor of where I chose to live. I can say this world is getting pretty short of 'humanitarian' communities.

What new and upcoming releases can you tell us about? Describe Library of Sound.
We decided to release some of our work through our own label, Conspiracy International, and continue the CTI projects with The Library of Sound. There didn't seem any obvious avenue for the more soundscape side of our work, and we had a whole list of ideas we wanted to get working on. The Library of Sound is a series of CD releases that deal with specific concepts to do with the use and experimentation of sound as a source of enjoyment and experience. So it can be very diverse from one edition to another. Volume I "Metaphysical" speaks for itself by its own definition. It's multifunctional listening, you can go as deep into it as your mood dictates. Volume II "Chronomanic" is a totally different concept. We chose various dates throughout the year timing our actions with empathetic dates in time. So each track we have recorded is a celebration or recognition of that moment. It all began when we recorded "Pagan Tango" and the track "Balfigore...Before the Feast". We wrote and recorded the track on that very night.

We're set to start working on a new C&C album as well later in the year, we've set aside material and sounds ready for that already. Then we promised ourselves that we would get a live album out and a video of live work too. So our 1994 is going to be busy for us. There's also been compilations we've contributed to which will surface this year.

I started doing collage work and painting again and that's taken up a lot of my time. An area I had almost stopped altogether has been rekindled now, and I'm being torn between that and music at the moment. But that's okay, I can choose according to my mood and ideas of course. Painting is just so totally different, and it was quite difficult for me to get into the spontaneity of it all after so long. Now it's hard for me to keep up with the ideas, I make endless notes so I won't forget. I also started writing a book too. A fiction cum faction. That was fun to do and I've got to go back to it, as I was rudely interrupted halfway. As far as writing is concerned, I am always at it in one form or another. Some days I get a real buzz out of it and the words seem to just stream our right, other days it's like literary constipation, and I just do something else. I think with most forms of expression, you need to keep your hand in, you get rusty if you rest too long.

Tell us about the TGT project.
We just wanted to release something under a totally different name to see what would happen. Also there were the would be TG clones springing up, so we did a spoof on them really, right down to the promo photos. It was a fun project.

Still no plans for any more concerts? Can you elaborate on the reasons behind your decision to stop touring?
There's so many reasons really. Too knackering, not interesting enough anymore, the venues and set ups are not really suitable, and we have to play the gig circuit. We hate that. It's mainly the logistics behind the tours which really put us off. All the preparation, setting up, soundchecks, breaking down the studio. Getting the equipment trashed by the airlines is another. We can't afford to replace a lot of it, so it's become a survival thing too. We did an ambient festival in Amsterdam just to see if we really felt so strongly about not playing live. It proved to us that we wouldn't play live again. Everything went very well, no hitches or anything like that. We don't get a buzz out of it anymore either. Chris never did enjoy playing live anyway, even as TG, so it was always a relief when it was over. The only bit we enjoyed in the end and the bit we'll miss, is meeting everyone. That's not meant to sound like a cliche, but when we met our 'audience' it made our work tangible. It made it a reality, and all those hours in the studio meant something to other people as well as ourselves.


Favorite Movies, Books?
Chris: Chinatown, Blue Velvet, Brazil, Taxi Driver, Wild at Heart, Clockwork Orange, Alien, The Devils, Nikkita, Blow-Up Performance, English 60's comedies, etc.
Cosey: Blade Runner, Apocalypse Now, The Elephant Man, Maitresse, China Blue (Crimes of Passion); B/W Ealing films from the 50's, Ai No Corrida (In the Realm of the Senses)

This is a random selection of our most favorite, but there's loads and loads.

As for books.....
Cosey: Killing for Company, real life murder books, esoteric reference books; Stephen King, Clive Barker for easy reading.
Chris: Colin Wilson, Wilhelm Reich, Douglas Adams, Terry Pratchett, reference books on Sexual Deviancy, TV Guide (for what not to watch!), Tolkien.

This is the latest reading material really. All the Crowley, Kenneth Grant, Austin Osman Spare, and research material goes without saying. We both read every day now, like some kind of addiction really.

What is your private/home life like aside from your work?
The obvious answer to that is 'private'. I'd say it's much the same as anyone else, but from experience I don't think it is. On all levels we seem to differ from the norm. We have never become a 'man and wife', 'him and her'. Opposing camps within a relationship is a weird way to spend your life, don't you think? So when I'm in any situation, like school open evenings, when other parents talk with me, I'm in an alien world, but I have to emit some form of normality to get the most out of the system for Nick. So far two hours is my limit of endurance, then I have to get away. It's like watching a play and you're in it. I have to remember my lines and visual expressions and yet make sure I get what I want for Nick. It's very difficult, Chris and I have trouble maintaining an aura of normality amongst some people. We've tried just saying what we want, but they look at us as if we're mad, so we put it into their language and go by stages now. Very odd. I suppose if we hadn't have had Nick, we would've been in our own little world all the time, maybe we benefit some way by having to confront the reality of society as it is today. Other than that we do what we want when we want on all levels. We have the luxury of time because we work at home for ourselves, and therefore 'work' as such or outside influence don't dictate to us very often. We watch TV, videos. Listen to music, read, play computer games, etc. I suppose the difference there is that we tend to sample from the entertainment source and bring it further into our lives, then we use news items, images, etc as lyrics, paintings, etc. We consume and utilize, recycle.

Having said all that, when we did have jobs we still lived the same way, so its a state of mind and strength of will. We can all choose to some degree how we want to live and who we ultimately become. It's no good blaming someone else.

Are you spiritual people? Is there any way you can describe such feelings or beliefs here, and how they may have affected or influenced your work, if at all?
I think that is the essence of our work altogether. Without it, it would never have been, and I think it's the very reason we have never managed to record a 'banal commercial' track. We always work on the premise of 'it feels right' or not. It never sounds right when you try and explain 'spiritual' feelings, so I tend not to attempt it. It's very personal anyway.

6/30/2005

1920s NOISE MACHINES - Italian Futurist's - Russolo

'Ancient life was all silence. In the nineteenth century, with the invention of the machine, Noise was born. Today, Noise triumphs and reigns supreme over the sensibility of men.' -- Luigi Russolo

Luigi Russolo was a painter determined to open our ears to the noise of the modern age. His musical vision embraced 'the coming and going of pistons, the howl of mechanical saws, the jilting of a tram on its rails' – the symphonic blending of sounds that defined life in the urban metropolis of the early 1900s.

Russolo wrote his manifesto in 1913 entitled 'The Art of Noise,' a bold treatise declaiming the end of conventional Western music, and the dawning of a new music based on the grinding, exploding, crackling and buzzing of mechanical instruments.

'Every manifestation of life is accompanied by noise. Noise is therefore familiar to our ears and has the power to remind us immediately of life itself. Musical sound, a thing extraneous to life and independent of it... has become to our ears what a too familiar face is to our eyes' – Luigi Russolo

Luigi Russolo and his assistant Ugo Piatti built one of the first mechanical orchestras, the 'intonarumori' (noise machines), 27 different types of inters, each producing a unique sound in several folloies or 'families' of instruments, including 'howlers,' 'exploders,' 'crumplers,' 'hissers,' and 'scrapers.' In the 1920s, Russolo performed numerous concerts with these outrageous instruments emitting their startling sounds.

The 'Intonarumori' ('Noise Machines'),
built by Italian Futurist Luigi Russolo circa 1920s



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~ Lifted from www.zakros.com & reprinted here without permission ~







6/17/2005

HELIOS CREED: Interview, Convulsion 1993

HELIOS CREED
(by Stuart Barr)


Helios Creed has a face that expresses more experience than I can capably tell you about. As he sits sucking on the pacifying nipple of a very well used hash pipe, he looks like a post apocalyptic Lemmy, and makes pronouncements that fall somewhere between Timothy Leary and The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers. He perfectly fits the image of the freaked out war veteran played by Christopher Loyd in Taxi; his eyes seem to look straight through you, and focus somewhere beyond the wall of the room we're sitting. A genuine thousand yard stare. Helios' music is a weird brew, kinda' like Hawkwind meeting the Buttholes in at schizophrenics convention and drinking far too much coffee. Helios used to be in a New York (?) band called Chrome, who where a minor legend in their day, and whose pioneering use of tape-loops, mutated guitars, disfigured vocals, and weird lyrics about spacemen, have been a significant influence on the likes of the aforementioned Butthole Surfers. In fact if the Buttholes' latest was a bit too straightforward for you then you go do worse than check out Helios' excellent Hit to the brain LP.

Helios decides to initiate our interview by severely challenging our notions of cool: 'I've been hearing a lot of Jethro Tull cover versions lately,' he says while examining the ceiling intimately. 'You know when a band is so out, they're in again. They're just about to do that.'

'Er, so is that a big influence?' We meekly enquire. 'Was a big influence, when I was a kid. Tull, Hendrix, this was when I was very young.' Which brings us to:


HELIOS CREED: The early years.

Helios spent his formative years in Hawaii, where by his own account he was your average teenage stoner, worshipping Led Zeppelin, and Jimi Hendrix. Helios started playing guitar in Hawaii... "trying to be like my heroes. I just wanted to play somewhere so I could be like them; you see I didn't see them in little rinky dink clubs, I'd go see them in big places, and they had big amps with big power. We were doing hard LSD, and it was really impressive, as a young kid, to go out and see this. That was better than school. I'd go to the beaches and I'd go to these concerts, that was life, and it still is life."


CHROME: Living with punk.

So far, so ordinary, when did the vertical hold slip, making things get weird?
"Damon and I developed weird and fucked up. Because Punk came into view. We sorta' wanted to be a punk band, but it was too late. The Sex Pistols were big, there were the Dead Kennedys, Negative Trend, Crime, there were already a bunch of punk bands in the city. We wanted to be one but it was too late. So we decided to be an acid punk band, which didn't exist. If we were gonna' do anything it would have to be not happening to do it. So we took a chance, and it was what we wanted to do anyway. We already had this punk set, and Damon played me these weird tapes he'd made, I go, `man, I like that better than our set, why don't we do something like that.' Then we talked about it for hours, all of a sudden we cut up our set with this weird shit next thing you know we made Alien Soundtracks.


"Damon was really into modern day co-chrome art work, that's where the name comes from. I was into weird guitar and effects. We were both into effects, the more effects the better really, next to a really stark garage punk sound.

"When [Alien Soundtracks] finally came out, I went `man this record, no-ones going to like it, it's too trashy sounding'. Nobody was doing anything that fucked up, that raw. I was really surprised when people started liking it a lot. Punks weren't liking it, it was too psychedelic for them. Intellectuals who were into punk, but were into other things as well, they started buying the record like crazy. People that couldn't get enough of Jimi Hendrix they started buying it. There was a whole psychedelic scene getting ignored, and we sort of fulfilled some of their wants. Then a couple of years later punk started getting into it, started doing acid, then we started selling records".


THE PSYCHEDELIC METHOD.

Helios pauses for a moment to take a sage-like puff from his pipe, before launching into a monologue on all things psychedelic:

"Psychedelia is ancient, hippies don't have any claim on psychedelia, just because the hippy thing exploited it so big. Indians, tribes, psychedelics have been around as long as man. We've been doing it and using music; only now we have all this technology. "To me psychedelic is something that sounds good under the influence of psychedelics, to your head, to your mind. Anybody could call anything psychedelic; they call Acid House psychedelic, they call the Happy Mondays psychedelic. If I listened to that on acid I think I'd have a bum trip, y'know what I mean? "We never said that we were psychedelic, we said we were New Wave, or Acid Punk; because as soon as people say the word psychedelic automatically a lot of people will flashback `oh, psychedelic; hippy; peace; bell bottoms; phoney attitudes;' you know. So they made this list of bands and called it `Acid Punk'. There was Devo, Pere Ubu, Chrome, and some other bands I never heard off. There was about ten of them, the top ten of Acid Punk, they didn't want to call it psychedelia, it was New Wave psychedelia. "Punk changed music, changed music for me, changed it in a psychedelic way. I thought it was a good ingredient for psychedelia".


ALIEN SOUNDTRACKS: Calling occupants of interplanetary craft

Helios' lyrics often (on those rare occasions when they're comprehensible) seems fascinated with Alien life forms; what's the attraction?

"Just the mere possibility, and doing psychedelics; thinking about people from other planets, thinking we're connected more than we can see, and that we're connected musically. As a matter of fact I want to be the first band to have interplanetary distribution.

"I think a lot of people are contacted by aliens and don't even know it. It could be in a different dimension, or in another space, and we don't even know it. But I couldn't prove it.

"That's what I'm into, the strangest phenomena, alien phenomena, unexplained phenomena, natural phenomena, and musical weirdness. I'm into all that. And music seems really close even though it's not connected. It's sort of connected in a psychic way to me, and I think it hasn't been explored fully by humans. To us music is just somebody playing an instrument, there's a lot of things that are connected with your psyche, and the crowd (that we don't even know) that we could explore."


THE PSYCHEDELIC METHOD IN PRACTICE: Drugs and the musical conciousness.

"I think psychedelics help some people, the consciousness of music needs to be raised on some level to make it work. A lot of times you just can't drink a few beers and get into it. The consciousness needs to be a lot higher than just being drunk". So do you use psychedelics when your writing material? "Oh yeah, I've written songs tripping, I've written songs on mushrooms, not as much any more. Sometimes in the studio I might take a little acid to keep awake, because I don't drink coffee, but I won't do speed.

"So yeah, I have done acid and written songs, it can work, but you had better make sure they sound good straight. I like to make something as cool as I can straight and then listen to it on acid. I think psychedelics should be more accepted than pot. I don't think acid should be a Class A drug. Sure someone could take acid and jump out a window, but it doesn't happen very often. You can get drunk and have a car accident easier than you can take acid and jump out a window. They should quit restricting us to bad drugs, and help us learn about the possibilities. That's what the song `XL-35` is about, they're keeping us from exploring our own minds, by keeping us with the lame drugs.

"I think a lot of artists feel the need to use psychedelics, it's an intelligent universe, and they want to reach out into it with their minds and bring back some sort of high statement, to experience it themselves, and to have other people experience it, and sometimes they feel the need to use drugs to do that."radient for psychedelia".


ASSORTED TRIVIAL MATTERS

As well as doing his own album, Helios found time to put down some guitar on the new Butthole Surfers record. So here comes the inevitable John Paul Jones story: "He told us this story about the Live Aid concert Led Zeppelin reformed for, he goes: (cue appalling accent) `Yeah we were at Live Aid, and Dave Gilmore, he had his guitars set up, didn't want anybody near them. He had all these pedals, all around. Anybody gets near them he gets all uptight. So he sits in the corner so he can watch his stuff, he's all concerned. He turns his back for a second to have a drink or talk to somebody . All of a sudden there's all this racket (JPJ said it sounded a lot like me). So he looks over and Roger Daltrey is jumping up and down on his stuff playing the guitar, jumping up and down on the pedals, turning it all up. And Dave's freaking out, ha, ha.

"It was really neat meeting JPJ. I was honoured. When I was a kid I worshipped bands like Led Zeppelin. But you know I never told him I thought their live show sucked. I don't know what was wrong. The only time I thought they were any good they were too drunk to play."

Current rumours have it that Helios has quit the music business entirely, perhaps he's off touring the horsehead nebula at this very moment, going where no aging stoner has gone before!
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technorati tags >> ::
:: :: acid punk :: psychedelic noise ::

5/28/2005

MP3 download #1: FACTRIX - Phantom Pain

i've been considering making this into more of an "mp3 blog"...

Factrix - "Phantom Pain"

MORE FACTRIX LINKS:
[
mp3s] >> music.download.com/factrix
[fansite] >> factrix.sevcom.com
[on myspace] >> myspace.com/factrix








12/26/2004

Industrial Prehistory - [Intro, Part 1 & 2]

-- from an essay written in 1995, by Brian Duguid --
[Introduction]
I've often thought that somebody really ought to write a history of industrial music. After all, there are histories of reggae, rap, and countless rock, jazz, folk and classical histories. Unfortunately, the best books on industrial music (Re/Search's Industrial Culture Handbook and Charles Neal's Tape Delay) were both written when the genre was still fresh, still on the move, and neither tells us much about where the music came from. A more recent contribution to the field, Dave Thompson's Industrial Revolution suffers from Americocentrism, major omissions, basic errors and from a concentration on electrobeat and industrial rock to the near exclusion of all else. Still, this article isn't that history; that will have to wait for someone better qualified than I.

Instead, I offer a prehistory, a look at heritage, tradition and ancestry. For all that industrial music set out to provide the shock of the new, it's impossible to understand its achievements without a context to place them in. Few, if any, of its tactics and methods were truly original, although the way it combined its components was very much of its time.

Before the prehistory can be properly explored, we need to know what this "industrial music" is, or was. It would be hard to disagree with the suggestion that prior to the formation of Throbbing Gristle as a side-project of performance art group COUM Transmissions in late 1975 [2] industrial music did not exist; and certainly the genre took its name from the label that Throbbing Gristle set up, Industrial Records. Monte Cazazza is usually acknowledged as inventing the term "industrial music", and the label used the name in a very specific sense - as a negative comment on the desire for "authenticity" that still dominated music in the seventies. Very few of the groups who were initially called "industrial" liked the term, although from the mid-80s it became a word that bands embraced willingly, to the extent that nowadays even quite tedious rock bands claim to be industrial, and the jazz / classical ensemble, Icebreaker, has even bizarrely been described as an "industrial" group. Rock and jazz groups don't waste much time worrying about the word used to define their genre, so for my purposes I'm happy to include in the "industrial" genre plenty of artists who tried to disown the label.

The groups who were released on Industrial Records (Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, ClockDVA, Thomas Leer and Robert Rental, Monte Cazazza, S.P.K., with the probable exception of The Leather Nun and Elizabeth Welch [3]) combined an interest in transgressive culture with an interest in the potential of noise as music, and it's easy to see how groups like Einst�rzende Neubauten, Whitehouse or Test Dept can be considered to share similar interests.

Dave Henderson's seminal Wild Planet article [4] presented a survey of the (mainly British and European) "industrial" scene as it was recognised in 1983, but with artists as diverse as Steve Reich, Mark Shreeve, AMM and Laibach cited it was clear even then that the borders of industrial music couldn't be clearly defined. Since then, the music has fragmented, most notably into a division between experimental and dance/rock-oriented artists (or uncommercial and commercial). The popular "industrial" musicians, such as Front 242 or Ministry, draw on the elements of early industrial music most amenable to the rock and techno arenas (sometimes this just means aggression and paranoia); the others have explored industrial music's relationships with ritual music, musique concrete, academic electronic music, improvisation and pure noise. In recent times, through the popularity of ambient music, several artists involved in this more "experimental" tradition have achieved more popular recognition than before.

It's tempting to see the fragmentation of industrial music into popular and "underground" areas as just a recognition of the relative accessibility of different musical styles, but this would be extremely misleading. As with jazz and rock, it's another example of "a music of revolt transformed into a repetitive commodity ... A continuation of the same effort, always resumed and renewed, to alienate a liberatory will in order to produce a market" [5]. As industrial music's history and prehistory will make clear, industrial music originally articulated ideas of subversion that go significantly beyond the saleable "rebellion" that the rock commodity offers. It was inevitable that the market would adopt only the superficial aggression and stylisms.

It's clear that the label, "industrial music", is of no use in pigeonholing music, but it still serves as a useful pointer to a web of musical and personal relationships, a common pool of interests and ideas which every industrial sub-genre has some connection with. The uncommercial industrial tradition has frequently been labelled "post-industrial"; in contrast, this article attempts to identify "pre-industrial" music. However, as will become obvious, there are few meaningful boundaries between industrial music and its ancestors.

Writing in Alternative Press, Michael Mahan attempted to define industrial music as "an artistic reflection of the de-humanisation of our people and the inexorable pollution of our planet by our factory-based socio-economic state" [6]. This is too simplistic; if industrial music were simply anti-factory music then it would encompass any number of reactionary Luddites. Mahan at least managed to identify some of the genre's important musical precursors, citing Edgard Var�se, Karlheinz Stockhausen, David Vorhaus, Frank Zappa and Klaus Schulze as some probable ancestors. Jon Savage has elsewhere identified five areas that characterised industrial music [7]: access to information, shock tactics, organisational autonomy, extra-musical elements, and use of synthesizers and anti-music. By examining each in turn, it will soon become obvious exactly what place industrial music has in the twentieth century cultural tradition.


[Endnotes]
Re/Search #6/7: Industrial Culture Handbook (Re/Search, 1983)
TG Chronology in Re/Search #4/5 "William Burroughs / Throbbing Gristle / Brion Gysin" (Re/Search, 1982)
Welsh's Stormy Weather, from Derek Jarman's film The Tempest, was an Industrial Records single.
Published in Sounds, May 7 1983.
Noise: The Political Economy of Music, Jacques Attali (Manchester University Press, 1985)
Welcome to the Machine, by Michael Mahan, in Alternative Press #66 (January 1994).
Introduction to Re/Search #6/7, op.cit.
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[Part 1]
1) ACCESS TO INFORMATION -
"Today there is no reality, or everything is real and everything is unreal. Today the object no longer refers to the real or to information. Both are already the result of a selection, a montage, a taking of views ... Thus the control problem is not one of surveillance, propaganda or paranoia. It is one of subjective influence, consent and extension to all possible spheres of life" ~Graeme Revell (S.P.K.) [1]

Industrial music was fundamentally a music of ideas. For all its musical power and innovation, the early industrial groups were much happier talking about non-musical issues than about musical ones, a direct result of the fact that few if any of them had any real musical background or knowledge. The Industrial Culture Handbook is packed with contributors' book lists; titles listed by Genesis P-Orridge include books by Aleister Crowley, William Burroughs, Philip Dick, Adolf Hitler, the Marquis de Sade and Tristan Tzara; SPK's Graeme Revell shows a more "intellectual" background with titles by Michel Foucault, Samuel Beckett, Jacques Attali and Pierre Proudhon. Of those who list records, Boyd Rice shows his obsession with 50s and 60s kitsch; Z'ev turns out to be a fan of Peter Gabriel, Bob Dylan and Otis Redding; only Rhythm & Noise admit to any knowledge of the avant-garde music tradition, citing the likes of Todd Dockstader, Gordon Mumma, Michel Redolfi and Iannis Xenakis [2].

Of all the "major" industrial groups, Throbbing Gristle were the most directly concerned with access to information, having accepted what had been obvious since the early sixties, that an increasing area of the world lives in an information society, and that military and economic strength are no longer the only important forms of power. Gristle's frontman, Genesis P-Orridge (born Neil Megson) took the view that control of information was now the most important form of power. This is on the not unreasonable grounds that if the average person does not believe (or is unaware) that a possibility exists, they are clearly not free to choose such a possibility. Although such a conclusion was a commonplace to the post-modern philosophers and political theorists, it was an unusually sophisticated concern for a musical artist. As Orridge has said: "The idea: to heal and reintegrate the human character. To set off psychic detonations that negate Control ... To exchange and liberate information ... We need to search for methods to break the preconceptions, modes of unthinking acceptance and expectations that make us, within our constructed behaviour patterns, so vulnerable to Control" [3].

Other industrial groups, particularly Cabaret Voltaire and S.P.K. espoused similar views. Genesis P-Orridge went on after the break-up of Throbbing Gristle to make the dissemination of information and the attack on information-based methods of control the focus of his work, through the group Psychic TV and the Temple ov Psychick Youth organisation. The general approach was simply to publicise the existence of transgressive literature on the grounds that the social definition of "taboo" or "transgressive" was just another method of control, of persuading people not to examine certain choices. Even for groups who weren't particularly interested in informing people about this sort of information (and ultimately this probably applies to the majority of industrial groups), the awareness of it clearly influenced their music.

The literary counterculture, dating back through the Beatniks via Surrealism and mavericks such as Celine or de Sade is a major tradition that informed many of the industrial groups even if they weren't part of it. Experimental literature had peaked in the 60s, and the importance of the industrial groups' awareness of it was primarily their role as disseminators and popularisers. Obvious examples of this include Industrial Records' issue of a record of William Burroughs cut-ups, Nothing Here Now But The Recordings.

Although their importance in publicising such literature, and other "unconventional" information, is undeniable, industrial music made no real contribution to the ideas of the counterculture. Genesis P-Orridge's writings mostly consist of borrowings from Burroughs, Crowley, and Leary, although the connections he has made between the cut-up technique, magick, and deconditioning are original.

[Endnotes]
The Post-Industrial Strategy, Graeme Revell, in Re/Search #6/7, op.cit.
Re/Search #6/7, op.cit.
Behavioral Cut-Ups and Magick, Genesis P.Orridge, in Rapid Eye #2 (Annihilation Press, 1992)
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2. [SHOCK TACTICS]

"They are men possessed, outcasts, maniacs, and all for love of their work. They turn to the public as if asking its help, placing before it the materials to diagnose their sickness" - press commentary on Zurich Dada [1]

The main source of industrial music's ideas may have been the radical literary tradition, but a great debt was also owed to the avant-garde performance art tradition, dating back at least as far as Futurism at the turn of the century. Here was a tradition from which industrial music drew not just rhetoric but also the tactics and methods.

Performance art as a means of provocation undoubtedly goes back as long as there were people who resented their culture and thought to change matters by creating shock and confusion. As an alternative to purer forms of song, dance and theatre it's history can be traced back through Renaissance spectacle, and mediaeval passion plays to tribal ritual. In the nineteenth century, music hall performance came the closest to the mixed media spectacles that would resurface in performance art. Histories of twentieth century performance art often start with the twenty-three year old Alfred Jarry's proto-surrealist performance of Ubu Roi in Paris in 1896 [2]. Jarry's absurdist theatre provoked an uproar that would be echoed throughout the century's history of performance art. Filippo Marinetti, whose Futurist Manifesto was to be published in 1909, took up the provocationist baton in his own play Roi Bombance, written in 1905, and the desire to provoke played a major part in first the Italian Futurist movement, then successively in Dada and Surrealism.


The politics may have superficially differed, but the basic thrust of these movements has many similarities to the later activities of COUM Transmissions, Whitehouse and others. All three artistic movements (Futurism, Dada, Surrealism) shared a disgust and contempt for the social common ground of the day. Their response varied. Futurism opposed tradition with an enthusiasm for dynamism, for technology, and for patriotic militarism, all of which ensured that fascist politicians would later attempt to claim the Futurist cultural heritage as their own (unlike more recent flag-burners, whose anger has been directed at their own society, the Futurists' flag-burnings of 1914 in Milan were of a foreign country's flag - Austria's).


Their positive view of "progress" has few echoes among the early industrial musicians; even Kraftwerk, whose clinical embrace of the coming information age proved such a fertile resource for industrial music's exponents, leavened their technophilia with a sense of irony (at its clearest on their paean to the atomic age, Radioactivity). However, as the electronic beat tendency in industrial music drew on emerging synthipoppers like the Human League and eventually fed in to the cyber-culture of the late 80s and early 90s, the Futurists' uncritical fetishisation of technology and artifice re-emerged. Marinetti's celebration of the industrial revolution has a lot in common with the ill-digested cyber-fandom of some recent musicians. Certainly, the electronic pop of the late seventies New Romantics (such as Ultravox) betrays a lack of humour that the Futurists would never have shared, but it has the same uncritical adoration of technology. In general, industrial music drew upon a much more cynical view of science's contribution to history.


The similarities between Dada and industrial culture are less ambiguous. Dada's anger was as much inspired by the First World War as by a more general revulsion against the general banality of society. Their reaction also had a lot in common with industrial art; it was an attempt to find an aesthetic where most of the audience only found ugliness. For Dada this consisted of primitivist, abstract painting, and at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, performances including seemingly nonsensical sound-poetry. Industrial music also adopted the primitive, abstract approach, and like Dada, rejected conventional musical structures in favour of chaos and noise.


From Richard Huelsenbeck's Dadaist Manifesto, written in Germany in 1918: "Art in its execution and direction is dependent on the time in which it lives, and artists are creatures of their epoch. The highest art will be that which in its conscious content presents the thousandfold problems of the day, the art which has been visibly shattered by the explosions of last week, which is forever trying to collect its limbs after yesterday's crash. The best and most extraordinary artists will be those who every hour snatch the tatters of their bodies out of the frenzied cataracts of life, who, with bleeding hands and hearts, hold fast to the intelligence of their time." [3]


Industrial music was very much of its time; you can hear the shattered dreams of the '60s in Throbbing Gristle's music, you can hear the defeatism and boredom that accompanied the decay of the welfare state. As in Huelsenbeck's prescription for "the highest art", this music (whether deliberately or not is irrelevant) addressed the important questions of the day; social alienation, media illusions perceived as reality, and the impossibility of morality in a culture where the traditional arbiters of morality were losing their power.


The anti-art tradition that Dada embodied continued in various forms throughout the century. Its first successor was the Surrealist movement, which included artists inspired by their direct contact with Dadaists like Tristan Tzara, and it also owed a considerable debt to the absurdist French art tradition embodied in the work of Jarry, Raymond Roussel and Guillaume Apollinaire. The break between Surrealism and Dada has been presented as a clash of personalities between Andre Breton and Tzara, but some argue that it represented the replacement of a movement that had valued disorder, anarchy and confusion with one that, paradoxically, attempted to rationalise its irrationality.


The Surrealist search for an escape from socially imposed reality certainly influenced some later industrial musicians; Nurse With Wound paid homage to the absurdist and hyper-realist tradition in much of their music, and more recently, composer Randy Greif has specifically said that he attempts to create a genuinely surrealist music (the Surrealists themselves took their figurehead Breton's dislike ofmusic to heart, concentrating on visual art and literature). Others, particularly European groups like D.D.A.A. and P16D4 also show clear traces of surrealism in the way they treat musical collage as an opportunity for humorous juxtaposition.


The Surrealist attempt to put the unconscious on display could be seen as part of a yearning for authenticity through primitivism that has been a major element in twentieth century art. As discussed below, its influence on performance art is one of the more important elements of the industrial music heritage, but several industrial musicians incorporated it more directly. As well as the "surrealist" elements in industrial music, "primitivist" attitudes appear in the work of groups like Zero Kama, Lustmørd, Coil, Crash Worship and Zone (who share an interest in the occult, spirituality, ritualism). Organum's David Jackman, who has passed through the industrial fringes, is even more clearly interested in music's ability to evoke primal spiritual responses, creating drone-based, barely tonal music that owes a lot to non-Western ritual music.


If Surrealism lacked Dada's provocationist tactics, later movements did not. Fluxus developed in the first few years of the Sixties in America, and combined the prank-events beloved of Dada with a specifically anti-bourgeois political ideology. They acknowledged their heritage; in 1962 Nam June Paik organised an event Neo-Dada in der Musik in Dusseldorf, for example. Some of the artists associated with Fluxus, particularly Terry Riley and LaMonte Young would later go on to develop music that, via popularisers like Brian Eno, would ultimately influence many industrial musicians, but Fluxus itself had little direct influence.

However, Fluxus was only one element in a resurgence of performance art in sixties New York. Allan Kaprow's Happenings (from 1959 onwards) were some of the earliest and best remembered events, but they sprung from an ongoing history of performance that stretched back to the New York Dadaists (notably Picabia and Duchamp). In 1936, the Bauhaus's Xanti Schawinsky joined the three-year old Black Mountain College in North Carolina, introducing a performance element into the curriculum that would engage Merce Cunningham, John Cage, Buckminster Fuller, Robert Rauschenberg and many others en route to the Happenings.

The growth of interest in performance art in America was paralleled by the activities of various artists at the same time in Europe. Amongst them, Joseph Beuys (a Fluxus protagonist) and Hermann Nitsch achieved particular notoriety and are particularly relevant to the heritage of industrial music. Beuys' work frequently involved the creation of very personal, meditative situations, isolating himself from humanity for days on end, or sharing an art space with only a dead or living animal. His interest in ritual as a way of recovering art's transformative function is much more personal than Nitsch, whose Orgies Mysteries Theatre performances took the form of reenactments of Dionysian rituals, social celebrations involving loud music and the disembowelment of animal carcasses.

Many other artists have entered similar taboo areas. Chris Burden's performances have involved him cutting himself and being shot in the arm [4]; Stelarc and Fakir Musafar hang themselves from hooks carefully inserted into their flesh; Marina Abramovic allowed her audience to cut her clothes and skin with razor blades [5]. The aim is to recover art's shamanic, ritual elements, to break psychological taboos and enter genuinely altered states. Genesis P-Orridge, later of Throbbing Gristle, was an escapee from this performance art tradition, first in The Exploding Galaxy, then via the experimental commune Trans Media Exploration in 1969 [6], on to COUM Transmissions with fellow performer Cosey Fanni Tutti. COUM's performances centered on sex and ritual, culminating in the notorious Prostitution exhibition at the I.C.A. in 1976, which brought Throbbing Gristle to public attention (although Throbbing Gristle had been first used as title for a COUM performance two years previously). [7]

Throbbing Gristle were probably the only industrial group to evolve directly out of a performance art context, but the live art of the sixties and seventies developed several new ideas that later fed into the work of various industrial groups. Cabaret Voltaire's early performances sometimes included showings of surrealist films as the "support act". Percussionist Z'ev's performances have been compared to shamanic exorcisms, and proto-industrial group The Residents owe much of their live costume drama tothe Dada / Bauhaus tradition [8]. Most notably, Test Dept, which began life as a music group very rapidly connected with avant-garde theatre; some of their spectacular performances are documented on the A Good Night Out and Gododdin albums. In 1992, they staged an event in Glasgow entitled The Second Coming, in a huge disused locomotive works; this involved three narrators, several dancers, several percussionists and other musicians, and a host of extras, such as flag-bearers and welders. Its large-scale non-narrative approach to performance owes a great deal to the work of people like Robert Wilson in the seventies, although its preoccupations are quite different.

However, Test Dept were unusual among industrial musicians in that their disgust for the society they found themselves in led them to a politics of protest that directly embraced the ideas of the left; solidarity being the major one, leading the band through a series of concerts opposing the Conservative assault on the trade union movement, supporting the striking miners' unions, ambulance workers, printworkers, and anti-poll tax campaigners. They remained sophisticated enough never to match their strong political feeling with simplistic and unequivocal support for any of the parties of the left, but nonetheless, their allegiances had little in common with most other industrial groups, who distrusted all conventional politics, of whatever wing. Groups like Throbbing Gristle, S.P.K. and Cabaret Voltaire all saw society as a whole to be too corrupt for conventional politics to be worth bothering with.

In Gristle's case, their music and lyrics appeared to present an amoral face full of nothing but revulsion; their songs catalogued the horror of the modern world without attempting to pass comment. Inevitably, their interest in mass murderers, Nazism, and similar topics led to accusations by some that T.G. were more than interested, they were attracted to such ideas. Nothing could be further from the truth, as the surface amorality disguised a deep moralism. It was their hatred of pretence, hypocrisy, oppression and authoritarianism that led to their violent rebellion.


Following the break-up of T.G., this hidden morality made itself most clearly felt through Genesis POrridge's group, Psychic TV (Peter Christopherson, also ex-Gristle, soon left to join John Balance in Coil), and its associated "anti"-organisation, the Temple ov Psychick Youth. Ostensibly an attempt touse the framework of a "cult" to decondition people's minds from social indoctrination, rather than to brainwash them, T.O.P.Y. never succeeded in getting beyond its own paradoxes. While it was on the onehand encouraging its members to think for themselves, to question and reject received ideas, it nonetheless insisted on set methods of achieving this de-conditioned salvation (e.g. ritual sex magick), suggested standards of behaviour for members to live up to (members who failed to toe the line were in some cases effectively ex-communicated), and, most importantly, relied on a hierarchical organisation that never succeeded in being in any way democratic or transparent. Its achievements (primarily thesense of community amongst like-minded misfits) were compromised by the fact that its initiators never freed themselves from their situation as role models and, if they ever understood the lessons of anarchist and liberationist political theory, never applied them in practice.

Whitehouse's William Bennett appeared to decide that the moral amorality of Throbbing Gristle was doomed to failure, and his group stuck to its guns with unrelenting challenges to listenability and unrelentingly tasteless lyrics about Nazism, serial killers, rape and similar topics. According to one person who worked with William Bennett, Nurse With Wound's Steven Stapleton, Bennett is "only interested in upsetting people ... His ethic was 'Everybody who buys my records is basically a cunt'" [9]. However, Whitehouse's Stefan Jaworzyn has acknowledged Whitehouse's extra-musical influences: "I've always considered Whitehouse to be more like performance art ... in that Whitehouse is outside of rock, experimental music or whatever." [10] In this respect, Whitehouse continue a long tradition of attempting to outrage and assault the audience; there have certainly been other performance artists who have physically attacked their audience in the past. Notably, this contrasts strongly with the tradition of self-abusive performance that Throbbing Gristle were heir to.

Whitehouse's own inability to articulate their motives has left them open to misinterpretation and opposition. Are they satirists, like Brett Easton Ellis? Whatever the case may be, the attempt to maintain such an extreme vision shows real single-mindedness. Whether or not this culmination of the Dadaist tradition leads onwards is open to doubt. One writer, Hakim Bey, is particularly critical: "We support artists who use terrifying material in some 'higher cause' - who use loving / sexual material of any kind, however shocking or illegal - who use their anger and disgust and their true desires to lurch towards self-realisation and beauty and adventure. 'Social Nihilism', yes - but not the dead nihilism of gnostic self-disgust. Even if it's violent and abrasive, anyone with a vestigial third eye can see the differences between revolutionary pro-life art and reactionary pro-death art". [11]


Endnotes //

1. Dada: Art and Anti-Art, Hans Richter (Thames and Hudson 1965) // 2. Performance Art, Rose Lee Goldberg (Thames and Hudson 1979) // 3. Dada: Art and Anti-Art, op. cit.4. Art in the Dark, Thomas McEvilley, in // 4. Apocalypse Culture, 2nd edn, ed. Adam Parfrey (Feral House, 1990) // 5. Performance Art, op. cit. // 6. Rapid Eye #1, Simon Dwyer (R.E. Publishing, 1989) // 7. Time to Tell CD booklet, Cosey Fanni Tutti (Conspiracy International, 1993) // 8. The Eyes Scream: A History of the Residents, video (Palace, 1991); Meet the Residents, Ian Shirley (SAF, 1993) // 9. Interview in Audion #28 (1994) // 10. Interview in Music From The Empty Quarter #6 (1992). // 11. T.A.Z., Hakim Bey (Autonomedia, 1991)

12/22/2004

A History of Electronic Music Pioneers [Part 1: 1750-1930]

[Note: the following text is an excerpt from an essay by David Dunn, which was written for a catalog that accompanied the exhibition: 'Pioneers of Electronic Art', held in Austria, 1992]

...One of the earliest documented musical instruments based upon electronic principles was the Clavecin Electrique, designed by the Jesuit priest Jean-Baptiste Delaborde in France, 1759. The device used a keyboard control based upon simple electrostatic principles.

The spirit of invention which immediately preceded the turn of this century was synchronous with a cultural enthusiasm about the new technologies that was unprecedented. Individuals such as Bell, Edison, and Tesla became culture heroes who ushered in an ideology of industrial progress founded upon the power of harnessed electricity. Amongst this assemblage of inventor industrialists was Dr. Thaddeus Cahill, inventor of the electric typewriter, designer and builder of the first musical synthesizer and, by default, originator of industrial muzak. While a few attempts to build electronic musical instruments were made in the late 19th century by Elisha Gray, Ernst Lorenz, and William Duddell, they were fairly tentative or simply the curious byproducts of other research into electrical phenomena. One exception was the musical instrument called the Choralcelo built in the United States by Melvin L. Severy and George B. Sinclair between 1888 and 1908. Cahill's invention, the Telharmonium, however, remains the most ambitious attempt to construct a viable electronic musical instrument ever conceived.

Working against incredible technical difficulties, Cahill succeeded in 1900 to construct the first prototype of the Telharmonium and by 1906, a fairly complete realization of his vision. This electro-mechanical device consisted of 145 rheotome/ alternators capable of producing five octaves of variable harmonic content in imitation of orchestral tone colors. Its principal of operation consisted of what we now refer to as additive synthesis and was controlled from two touch-sensitive keyboards capable of timbral, amplitude and other articulatory selections. Since Cahill's machine was invented before electronic amplification was available he had to build alternators that produced more than 10,000 watts. As a result the instrument was quite immense, weighing approximately 200 tons. When it was shipped from Holyoke, Massachusetts to New York City, over thirty railroad flatcars were enlisted in the effort.

While Cahill's initial intention was simply to realize a truly sophisticated electronic instrument that could perform traditional repertoire, he quickly pursued its industrial application in a plan to provide direct music to homes and offices as the strategy to fund its construction. He founded the New York Electric Music Company with this intent and began to supply real-time performances of popular classics to subscribers over telephone lines. Ultimately the business failed due to insurmountable technical and legal difficulties, ceasing operations in 1911.

The Telharmonium and its inventor represent one of the most spectacular examples of one side of a recurrent dialectic which we will see demonstrated repeatedly throughout the 20th century history of the artistic use of electronic technology. Cahill personifies the industrial ideology of invention which seeks to imitate more efficiently the status quo. Such an ideology desires to summarize existent knowledge through a new technology and thereby provide a marketable representation of current reality. In contrast to this view, the modernist ideology evolved to assert an anti-representationist use of technology which sought to expand human perception through the acquisition of new technical means. It desired to seek the unknown as new phenomenological and experiential understandings which shattered models of the so-called "real".

The modernist agenda is brilliantly summarized by the following quote by Hugo Ball:

"It is true that for us art is not an end in itself, we have lost too many of our illusions for that. Art is for us an occasion for social criticism, and for real understanding of the age we live in...Dada was not a school of artists, but an alarm signal against declining values, routine and speculations, a desperate appeal, on behalf of all forms of art, for a creative basis on which to build a new and universal consciousness of art."

Many composers at the beginning of this century dreamed of new electronic technologies that could expand the palette of sound and tunings of which music and musical instruments then consisted. Their interest was not to use the emerging electronic potential to imitate existent forms, but rather to go beyond what was already known. In the same year that Cahill finalized the Telharmonium and moved it to New York City, the composer Ferruccio Busoni wrote his Entwurf einer neuen Asthetik der Tonkunst ('Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music') wherein he proposed the necessity for an expansion of the chromatic scale and new (possibly electrical) instruments to realize it. Many composers embraced this idea and began to conceptualize what such a music should consist of. In the following year, the Australian composer Percy Grainger was already convinced that his concept of 'Free Music' could only be realized through use of electro-mechanical devices.
By 1908 the Futurist Manifesto was published and the modernist ideology began its artists' revolt against existent social and cultural values. In 1913 Luigi Russolo wrote The Art of Noise, declaring that the "evolution of music is paralleled by the multiplication of the machine". By the end of that year, Russolo and Ugo Piatti had constructed an orchestra of electro-mechanical noise instruments (Intonarumori) capable of realizing their vision of a sound art which shattered the musical status quo. Russolo desired to create a sound based art form out of the noise of modern life. His noise intoning devices presented their array of "howlers, boomers, cracklers, scrapers, exploders, buzzers, gurglers, and whistles" to bewildered audiences in Italy, London, and finally Paris in 1921, where he gained the attention of Varese and Stravinsky. Soon after this concert the instruments were apparently only used commercially for generating sound effects and were abandoned by Russolo in 1930.


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12/17/2004

Musique Concrete - [Origins of Electronic & Industrial Music]

Jahsonic.com's Definition of Musique Concrete:
(also known as Electroacoustics) is the name given to a class of electronic music produced from editing together tape-recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds. Concrete (as opposed to "Abstraite", traditional composition) was pioneered in the late 1940's and 1950's, spurred by developments in microphones and the commercial availability of the magnetic tape recorder.

Pierre Schaeffer, a Paris radio broadcaster, created some of the earliest pieces of Musique Concrete, including "Etude aux chemins de fer" ("Study with Trains"), "Etude au piano I" ("Piano Study I") and "Etude aux casseroles" ("Study with Baking Pans"). Each of these pieces involved splicing, speeding up, looping, and reversing recordings of sound sources like trains, piano and rattling cookware. Schaeffer also collaborated with another Musique Concrete pioneer, Pierre Henry. Together, they created pieces such as "Symphonie pour un homme seule" ("Symphony for a Man Alone").

Concrete was combined with other, synthesized forms of Electronic music to create Edgar Varese's "Poeme Electronique". "Poeme" was played at the 1958 Brussels World's fair through 400 carefully placed loudspeakers in a special pavilion designed by Iannis Xenakis.

After the 1950's, Concrete was somewhat displaced by other forms of Electronic composition, although its influence can be seen in popular music by many bands, including The Beatles and Pink Floyd. Traditional and non-traditional Concrete has experienced a revival in the '80's and '90's, although modern sampling technology is now often used in place of magnetic tape.

Recently, the growing popularity in all forms of electronica has led to a re-birth of Musique Concrete. Artists such as Christian Fennesz, and Francisco Lopez use many Concrete techniques in their music while often being classified under more common electronica genres such as Intelligent Dance Music or Downtempo. Electronica magazines such as The Wire regularly feature articles and reviews of Musique Concr�te. --http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_concr%E8te

First Concert of Musique Concrete
March 18,
1950: First concert of musique concrete, Paris, Auditorium of the Ecole Normale de Musique. First performance of Symphonie pour un homme seul by Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Henry. http://www.ina.fr/grm/presentation/dates.en.html

Film Editing
It is no surprise to find that musique concrete took its inspiration from film editing in many ways, so that sound was organised according to the logic of montage principles, rather than harmonic sequences. Pierre Henry has claimed that musique concrete "proceeds from photography, from cinema", whilst Rob Young has written that "the artistic moment no longer occurred in the written manuscript, nor with the physicality of performance, but became distributed within the manipulation of stock and found sounds, a process resembling film editing." --http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/film/journal/articles/audio-visual-ryhythms.htm

Beatles [...]
By the mid-1960's popular musicians began to exploit the sophisticaited technology of the recording studio. This phenomenon prompted the Beatles to announce that they were retiring from touring because it was impossible to 'reproduce' their recorded music live. On their White Album, the track Revolution Number Nine introduced musique concrete to a wide audience. This track instigated the 'Paul is dead' rumour. --Kevin Concannon http://www.localmotives.com/hoved/tema/nr_2/cut.html [Aug 2004]

Books
Modulations: A History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound - Iara Lee;
In this expansive history of
electronic music, Shapiro (The Rough Guide to Drum `n' Bass) chronicles the creative moment of generating sound through sampling, mixing, and manipulation. Written by musicians and aficionados, the articles assembled here form a fascinating account of innovators from John Cage to Miles Davis, thoroughly exploring this sprawling genre and its musical offshoots. Densely packed and meticulously detailed, the book makes some startling geographic and stylistic leaps in an effort to trace the comprehensive history of electronic music. Through interviews, vivid pictures, and crisp commentary, it illustrates how electronic music is now at work in the majority of today's musical styles. This work, a tie-in to Iara Lee's 1998 film of the same name, explores in greater detail some of the same ground covered in J.M. Kelly's The Rough Guide to Techno Music (2000). An essential tool for anyone interested in this music, whether mildly or deeply. -- Caroline Dadas

12/09/2004

Russian Industrial Noise artist: ZGA (aka Nick Sudnick)

The sound of ZGA's improv noise is like a metaphor of the late Soviet or post-Soviet everyday life: rusty, broken-down, unpleasantly dominated by cold metal, functioning to seemingly inpenetrable, absurd logic. ZGA is the first still active Russian noise group, started in 1984. Nick Sudnick, its sole remaining member from the original line-up, is another of those dozens of St. Petersburg musicians who at some point played also in Pop Mechanics. I meet him in his workshop in the center of St. Petersburg. The workshop is, naturally enough, filled with beautiful primitive Soviet electronics and junk iron objects. Throughout the interview, Sudnick keeps soldiering together parts of his junk-iron instruments, "zgamoniums". The day before ZGA has performed at the fourth annual memorial festival of Sergei Kuryokhin, in front of an extremely warm and welcoming audience. Kraut-rockers Faust also performed, and they are coming to visit and have a jam session at Sudnick's workshop on the next day.

ZGA's music has developed on a trajectory of its own. While the sound of their first mid-80's recordings was a lot like any home-made distort-o-industria, their roots in the 70's prog were discernible post factum from riffs and rhythms they used. The Western industrial/noise influences - Nurse with Wound, Factrix, Mnemonists - reached them only somewhat later, during perestroika, when Sudnick started to build his zgamoniums. The zgamoniums, which ZGA uses both on stage and in studio, are contact-miked springs hammered with mallets, metal sheets gently stroked with medieval-looking miniature whips, strings attached to brutally constructed iron grids, and much more. "We realized we could never play as well and skillfully as the Western people we admired. At that point it became clear that we had to find something of our own, a language of our own. So in late -87 I started to build my own instruments."

After three cd's released in the first half of the 90's on Chris Cutler's ReR Megacorp label, ZGA has released only cassettes on Alexander Lebedev-Frontov's Ultra imprint. Like it happened with many other Russian underground musicians, their Western concert trips all but ended at about the same time, when the interest in Russia, born during the Gorby years, had run its course. After that Sudnick has put his efforts on several side projects in to his old band, but now interest in ZGA may be on the rise again. Their first cd release in six years, The Flight of Infection, due out soon on the small US label Tariff.

"Basically I like what has happened in Russia after the collapse of the USSR, that the society has become more open, even though they are now trying to strangle the media again. On the other hand, many people, including me, didn't guess that everyday life would get this difficult. Artists and musicians are unable to earn any money, because their products just don't interest anyone in the situation where the average income of the population keeps on falling all the time."
"But I don't have any clear-cut political opinions. I think Dugin [this interview was done before Dugin became influential in state politics] is an interesting author, and I see the work of Alexander [Lebedev-Frontov's, with whom Sudnick plays as a duo under the project name Vetrophonia] work as good-natured, healthy humour. I don't take it as seriously as those blockheads in the National Bolshevik Party."

In recent years ZGA has discarded the remnants of their silly prog wackiness, and at the same time melodic motifs have become more noticeable in their music in the form of Sudnick's simple electric organ sounds, making it sound like nothing else. "I studied accordeon when I was a teenager. I learned the standard Soviet accordeon repertoire: a bit of classical, a bit of folk stuff. It was boring, but I dreamed that with my accordeon skills I could one day get a chance to play on an Ionika, the Soviet electric organ of the late 60's." The best moments of ZGA's current live set are difficult to place into any exact time and place. With Ekaterina Fiodorova on metal percussion, Ramil Shamsutdinov on trombone and Sudnick playing zgamoniums, tapes and accordion, the band looks and sounds like a science fiction band led by Tom Waits from a film that Tarkovsky never made. Or almost like an imaginary factory orchestra in the late 1920's, equally interested in noise music of the time and the melodicism of Shostakovich.

Hungarian journalist Rene F�l�p-Miller was a rare foreign witness of the original version of this music in the early 1920's. His account from 1926 is particularly valuable, because unlike Italian Futurists' noise music - the Delta blues of contemporary industrial music, as I think somebody has called it - the Russian Engineerists were afterwards almost wiped out of Soviet history:
"The Bolshevists very soon proceeded to construct special noise instruments, to form noise orchestras, to give the public a 'real new music', instead of the usual old bourgeois individualistic 'patchwork', and in this way to prepare the collective soul for the revelation of the holiest. They imitated all conceivable sounds from industry and technology and united them in peculiar fugues, in which a whole world of noise deafened the ear. [...] A particularly fanatical sect of 'machine worshippers', the so-called 'engineerists', held in the festive hall of the Moscow Trade Union Palace noise orgies which show better than anything else the absurdity of all these attempts. The first public divine service of these 'machine worshippers' began with a noise orchestra composed of a crowd of motors, turbines, hooters and similar instruments of din. [...] This was a passion play which represented the sacrifice of the lower individual man on the altar of the mechanized and desouled collectivity."

* Note: This article was edited for length when published in The Wire. Here you have read the original unedited version.
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--- Excerpted from an article at Tamizdat.org & re-printed here without permission ---